Fees can be charged, however, they cannot cause the account to become negative. HSAs are subject to the prohibited transaction rules under IRC Sec. 4975. If a FI pays a transaction causing the account to go negative, and it results in a loan or credit obligation in the HSA, the Dept. of Labor and Treasury Dept. may view it as a prohibited transaction under IRC Sec. 4975.
To make it easy, we simply do not charge OD fees or cover transactions that would make the account go negative. Hope this helps.